Stepped explainer

What is arthroscopy?

Keyhole joint surgery in five steps, drawn rather than photographed, so you can see how a camera and fine instruments treat a joint through openings smaller than a fingertip. Step through at your own pace; nothing here is specific to your operation, and your surgeon explains YOUR version of every step.

Step 1 of 5

Two or three tiny openings

Instead of one long cut, the surgeon makes small openings called portals, each usually under a centimeter, placed precisely around the joint.

The word arthroscopy comes from Greek: arthro (joint) and skopein (to look). The portals are the "keyholes" that give the technique its nickname, and they are why scars after arthroscopy are typically small marks rather than long lines.

Step 1: Two or three tiny openings
Instead of one long cut, the surgeon makes small openings called portals, each usually under a centimeter, placed precisely around the joint.
The word arthroscopy comes from Greek: arthro (joint) and skopein (to look). The portals are the "keyholes" that give the technique its nickname, and they are why scars after arthroscopy are typically small marks rather than long lines.
Step 2: The scope goes in
A pencil-thin tube carrying a camera and its own light source slides through one portal. Sterile fluid gently fills the joint so its structures separate and become visible.
The fluid does two jobs: it opens up the working space inside the joint and keeps the view clear during the procedure. Some of the puffiness people notice afterward is simply this fluid, which the body reabsorbs over the first days.
Step 3: The surgeon watches a screen, not the keyhole
The camera streams a bright, magnified picture of the inside of the joint to a monitor. Structures a few millimeters wide appear at many times their real size.
This magnified view is one of the quiet advantages of arthroscopy: cartilage surfaces, ligaments and menisci can be inspected close-up and in motion, which is also why arthroscopy is used to diagnose problems, not just treat them.
Step 4: Fine instruments do the work
Through the other portals, the surgeon passes slim instruments: probes to test tissue, shavers to trim damage, and anchors or stitches to repair what can be repaired.
What actually happens here depends entirely on the joint and the problem: trimming a torn meniscus edge, reattaching a rotator cuff tendon, removing a loose body, or smoothing damaged cartilage. Your surgeon can tell you exactly which of these applies to you.
Step 5: Closing and the recovery plan
The portals are closed as appropriate and covered with dressings. Monitoring, discharge, and rehabilitation instructions depend on the operation and the patient.
Small openings do not mean a small operation. Ask what was found and treated, which written instructions apply, and who to contact if recovery changes unexpectedly.

Sources

Arthroscopy American Academy of Orthopaedic Surgeons (OrthoInfo), 2024
Arthroscopy NHS, 2023

Last reviewed: 2026-07-18

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Two or three tiny openings

Step 1: Two or three tiny openings

Step 2: The scope goes in

Step 3: The surgeon watches a screen, not the keyhole

Step 4: Fine instruments do the work

Step 5: Closing and the recovery plan

Sources

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Why drawings instead of photographs?